Amnesty: Waffen aus aller Welt fördern Mord und Vergewaltigung im Kongo / "IF YOU RESIST, WE’LL SHOOT YOU"
Neuer Bericht dokumentiert Auswirkungen der Waffenimporte im Kongo / Internationale Waffenkontrolle nötig / The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the case for an effective Arms Trade Treaty
12. Juni 2012 - Mord, Vergewaltigung, Plünderung und Entführung sind in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo an der Tagesordnung. Ein heute veröffentlichter Bericht von Amnesty International zeigt, wie Waffen aus aller Welt diese Gewalt zusätzlich schüren. Amnesty fordert die internationale Gemeinschaft auf, endlich zu handeln und die anhaltenden Waffenlieferungen in den Kongo zu stoppen.
Der Bericht zeigt an aktuellen Beispielen, dass sowohl kongolesische Sicherheitskräfte als auch bewaffnete Gruppierungen dank der leichten Verfügbarkeit von Waffen und Munition im Kongo immer wieder schwere
Menschenrechtsverletzungen begehen. "Das ohnehin vielfach gebrochene Embargo wurde 2008 sogar gelockert", erklärt Mathias John, Rüstungsexperte von Amnesty International. "Seither kann die kongolesische Regierung fast ungehindert Waffen und Munition für Armee und Polizei importieren. Die Waffen werden aber nicht so markiert, registriert und gelagert, dass ihr Endverbleib gesichert werden könnte. Deshalb gelangen weiterhin große Mengen Waffen und Munition an Milizen, die vor allem im Osten des Landes die Bevölkerung terrorisieren. Oft verkaufen hochrangige kongolesische Soldaten Material an Rebellengruppen. Teilweise an die gleichen Gruppen, die sie bekämpfen sollen", erklärt John.
Das Großteil der in den Kongo gelieferten Waffen stammt aus China, Ägypten, Südafrika, der Ukraine und den USA. In den meisten von Amnesty untersuchten Fällen wurden die Waffenlieferungen von den zuständigen Regierungen bewilligt, obwohl das große Risiko bestand, dass sie für schwere Menschenrechtsverletzungen oder Kriegsverbrechen verwendet werden.
"Die Situation in der DR Kongo ist ein eindringliches Beispiel dafür, dass ein umfassendes Waffenhandelsabkommen dringend notwendig ist", sagt John. "Im Juli bei der UNO-Konferenz zum "Arms Trade Treaty" kann ein solches Abkommen beschlossen werden. Diese historische Chance müssen die Staaten nutzen. Denn die Erfahrungen in Ländern wie dem Kongo zeigen: Wir dürfen uns nicht damit abfinden, dass es zwar internationale Regeln für den Handel mit Bananen und Dinosaurierknochen gibt, aber nicht für den Waffenhandel."
Den vollständigen Bericht finden Sie hier! [externer Link]
Waffen für Kongo
Von Olaf Standke *
Erneut sind in diesen Wochen in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo Hunderttausende auf der Flucht, Hunderte werden Opfer von Massakern, Morden und Meuterei. Seit Jahren leiden die Menschen im Osten des Landes unter den immer wieder aufflammenden Konflikten, in die diverse Milizen, desertierte Einheiten der Armee und Regierungstruppen verwickelt sind. Geschürt werden sie nicht zuletzt von den Waffenlieferungen aus aller Herren Länder, wie Amnesty International in einem gestern veröffentlichten Report betont. Mitverantwortung für Gräueltaten tragen so auch Ägypten, China, Frankreich, Südafrika oder die USA. Denn meist wurden die Exporte von den Regierungen bewilligt, obgleich sie wussten, wie groß die Gefahr ist, dass mit diesen Waffen Menschenrechtsverletzungen begangen werden. Selbst ein zuvor verhängtes Embargo wurde gelockert, so dass die Regierung Kongos wieder leichter Rüstungsgüter importieren kann - von denen nicht wenige durch Korruption am Ende in den Händen von Milizen landen. Nicht nur für Amnesty International zeigt sich hier exemplarisch, wie dringend notwendig ein umfassendes Waffenhandelsabkommen ist. Wenn die Vereinten Nationen im Juli endlich darüber verhandeln, muss das oberste Gebot lauten: Keine Waffen für Menschenrechtsverletzungen.
* Aus: neues deutschland, Mittwoch, 13. Juni 2012 (Kommentar)
Dokumentiert: Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen von amnesty international
“IF YOU RESIST, WE’LL SHOOT YOU” - THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO AND THE CASE FOR AN EFFECTIVE ARMS TRADE TREATY
Amnesty International Publications, 2012
9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
(p. 47-52)
Arms supplying states must seriously re-consider the scale, severity and pervasive
nature of the serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law
committed by Congolese security forces and armed groups before deciding whether
or not to transfer conventional arms to the DRC, and act with extreme caution. Such
transfers to armed units in the DRC whose commanders continue to act with
impunity for crimes under international law, committed during the course of almost
two decades of armed conflict in the DRC, and whose operational systems of
accountability and training are inconsistent with international legal and other
standards, will continue to fuel more violations and abuses. The other structural
weaknesses that plague the security apparatus in the DRC, notably insecure
stockpiling and lack of effective management, as well as diversion, theft, and
corruption amplify the risk that weapons, munitions, armaments and related
equipment will be used to commit or facilitate such violations.
The current weak UN arms embargo on the DRC, which applies only to “nongovernmental
entities and individuals” is not a sufficient substitute for a robust
reform of the DRC systems of arms import, management and user controls to bring
them up to international standards. Nor should efforts by States to ensure respect
for the UN arms embargo be treated as an alternative to the responsibility of all
exporting states to carry out rigorous risk assessments before deciding whether or
not to permit or halt an arms transfer.
It is therefore disturbing that arms supplying states are failing to properly notify the
UNSC Sanctions Committee in advance of international arms transfers to the DRC.
Not enough information is being provided on the itinerary of the arms shipment, the
designated end-user or end-use, or on the monitoring and verification of the arms
transfer by the supplier state to ensure that the arms are being used for the
purposes authorized, and in a manner that conforms with obligations under
international law.
All UN member states will have an historic opportunity to strengthen the
international system of conventional arms transfer controls in July 2012 when they
will negotiate the final text of a comprehensive Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). The Treaty
should require states to establish strict risk assessment procedures before making a
decision to authorize or deny an arms export and delivery to an end-user in another
state. As is demonstrated by the tragic and prolonged suffering of people from
human rights violations and abuse in the DRC, such risk assessment procedures are
particularly important when arms are destined for states where poor stockpile
management and security, regular theft and diversion, and the persistent misuse of
weapons, munitions, armaments and related equipment.
Above all, a golden rule is essential in the ATT and in all national laws – an export
or other transfer or delivery of conventional arms shall not be authorized until
substantial risks that the arms would be used to commit or facilitate serious
violations of international human rights and humanitarian law are removed.
Preventive action to remove such a risk may include assistance (by the supplying
states and others) to restructure the systems of accountability and training of
prospective end-users, assistance to secure robust stockpile management; ensuring
the physical security of the arms delivery; and, regularly auditing records on the
storage, registration, and possession of the arms transferred. As highlighted in this
report, in the current situation, the lack of adequate human rights safeguards for an
effective ATT would prevent transferring conventional arms including ammunition to
the DRC.
The continued proliferation and abuse of arms in the DRC is thus one of many cases
worldwide why Amnesty International is campaigning for an ATT that has strong
rules to help ensure respect for international human rights at the core of its
normative framework.
In light of the findings in this report, Amnesty International makes the following recommendations:
To arms supplying states:
-
Immediately end those transfers of weapons, munitions, armaments and related
equipment to end-users in the DRC where there is a substantial risk that the arms
are likely to be used or diverted to commit or facilitate serious violations of
international human rights law or international humanitarian law – maintain this
cessation in each case until effective human rights and other safeguards are put in
place to remove the substantial risk of such violations.
-
Before deciding whether or not to resume supplies and authorize an arms
transfer to a lawful end-user in the DRC, a supplying state must undertake a
rigorous risk assessment of whether there is a substantial risk that the unit are likely
to use those arms to commit or facilitate serious violations of international human
rights law or international humanitarian law. As part of the risk assessment process,
states should in each case examine meaningfully to what extent:
-
thorough, independent and impartial investigations into all serious
violations of international human rights and humanitarian law are
conducted and suspected perpetrators are held accountable by the
authorities;
- security forces and law enforcement agencies’ policies, procedures
and practices comply with international law and standards,
including the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials
and the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by
Law Enforcement Officials;
- policies, procedures and practices for the armed forces comply with
states’ obligations under international law;
- an effective system is being implemented for the physical security
and lawful management of the storage and stockpiles of
conventional arms in the recipient country;
- a strict system is being implemented to thoroughly account for the
storage, registration, possession and use of weapons, munitions,
armaments and related equipment by armed forces and law
enforcement officials.
If deficiencies in the above exist, a prospective exporting state should examine
whether adequate reforms are underway that can reasonably be expected to address
the deficiencies before any of the arms in question are sent to the particular enduser.
States should act nevertheless with extreme caution until the effectiveness of
the reforms can be clearly demonstrated.
-
Where a substantial risk exists that the arms are likely to be used to commit or
facilitate serious violations of international human rights law or international
humanitarian law, the supplying state must deny the authorization to export or
transfer the arms.
-
In addition, where the substantial risk exists because of the absence of
adequate stockpile security and arms management systems across the country, the
supplying state must deny authorization until such a risk is removed.
-
Any state considering the supply of arms or provision of military and security
assistance to the DRC “shall notify in advance” the UNSC Sanctions Committee of
any shipment of arms and related materiel, in accordance with paragraph 8 of
UNSC Resolution 1807, and should co-operate fully with the GoE. States should
include information on the end-user, the proposed date of delivery and the itinerary
of shipments.
-
Any state considering an arms transfer of military or security assistance to the
DRC should first ensure and verify with the DRC authorities that all systems of
accountability; rules of engagement; monitoring and training support to military,
security and police forces are in accordance with international human rights and
humanitarian law.
-
Ensure that all exported weapons and munitions, including small arms and light
weapons arsenals, are uniquely marked in compliance with the International Tracing
Instrument adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2005; Ammunition crates and
consignments should also be uniquely marked with batch numbers and other
identifying features, and records kept of the unique markings of both arms and
ammunition;
-
States should support the negotiation of an effective ATT that includes:
- the denial of an international arms transfer authorization wherever there is a
substantial risk that the arms under consideration are likely to be used to
commit or facilitate serious violations of international human rights law or
international humanitarian law, or where there is a substantial risk that they
arms could be used to perpetrate or facilitate a pattern of armed violence or
gender-based violence, including rape and other forms of sexual violence;
- a requirement to conduct an effective inquiry and meaningful assessment
of each application or proposal for authorization of an arms transfer on a
case-by-case basis, consistent with Treaty criteria;
- a comprehensive scope that encompasses all forms of international trade
and transfers, and all types of weapons, munitions, armaments and other
equipment, parts and technologies used for military and law enforcement
operations, as well as arms brokering, transport, and financial services to
enable such trade and transfer; and,
- robust standards and procedures for implementation and enforcement,
including comprehensive national authorization and licensing systems,
transparent reporting, strict and end-use controls, adequate penalties fir
illegal acts and effective dispute resolution and treaty review mechanisms.
To the UN Security Council (SC):
- Strengthen the arms embargo on the DRC by requiring that all proposed
transfers of conventional arms are only licensed after a rigorous risk assessment in
each case, to determine whether there is a substantial risk of the proposed arms
transfer being used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international human
rights law or international humanitarian law.
-
Strengthen the arms embargo on the DRC by requiring supplying states to
undertake rigorous monitoring and verification of the end-use of the arms transfer
over a period sufficient to enable objective verification that international human
rights and humanitarian law and standards are not violated by the use of the arms.
-
Demand and obtain guarantees from the DRC authorities regarding the
accountable and lawful use of any arms imported or otherwise received.
-
Call on the DRC government to investigate all allegations of violations of
international human rights and humanitarian law and where there is sufficient
admissible evidence, bring suspected perpetrators to justice in proceedings that
conform to international fair trial standards without recourse to the death penalty.
-
Mandate the UN mission in the DRC to provide assistance and facilitate
international cooperation to ensure an effective system is being implemented for the
physical security and lawful management of the storage and stockpiles of
conventional arms in the recipient country, and a strict system is being
implemented to thoroughly account for the storage, registration, possession and use
of weapons, munitions, armaments and related equipment by the armed forces and
law enforcement agencies in the DRC.
-
Reinstate in the mandate of the UN arms embargo the requirement for a
restricted number of designated entry points for the import of all conventional arms
to the Government of the DRC. These designated sites should be manned and
monitored by the UN mission in the DRC.
-
Insist that, in accordance with UNSC Resolution 1807, any state considering
the supply of arms or provision of military and security assistance to the DRC
notifies the UNSC Sanctions Committee in advance and provides sufficient details
of those arms or related transfers to assess the risks, including information on the
end-user, proposed date of delivery and the itinerary of shipments and co-operates
fully with the GoE.
To the DRC authorities:
- Immediately cease all violations of international human rights and
humanitarian law; and, instruct security forces to comply with international law
and standards.
-
Ensure all allegations of violations of international human rights and
humanitarian law, both past and present, are promptly, independently and
thoroughly investigated and, where there is sufficient admissible evidence, bring
suspected perpetrators to justice in proceedings that conform to international fair
trial standards without recourse to the death penalty, and ensure that victims
receive full and effective reparations.
-
Establish adequate stockpile management and monitoring systems including
record keeping across the country, to ensure proper recording of all weapons,
munitions, armaments and related equipment to prevent issues of diversion and
theft, in accordance with the International Tracing Instrument adopted by the UN
General Assembly in 2005, the Best Practice Guidelines for the Implementation
of the Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms
and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, which the
DRC signed and ratified on 21 April 2004.
-
Prioritize and implement comprehensive security sector reform in the DRC
consistent with obligations under international human rights law and IHL that
includes a vetting mechanism to remove individuals who may reasonably be
suspected of having committed crimes under international law or other human
rights violations, until allegations concerning that person can be independently
and impartially investigated.
To the Armed Opposition Groups:
- Immediately cease all human rights abuses and violations of international
humanitarian law.
- Make sure that those under their command understand that violations of
international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians or civilian objects,
- Reinstate in the mandate of the UN arms embargo the requirement for a
restricted number of designated entry points for the import of all conventional arms
to the Government of the DRC. These designated sites should be manned and
monitored by the UN mission in the DRC.
- Insist that, in accordance with UNSC Resolution 1807, any state considering
the supply of arms or provision of military and security assistance to the DRC
notifies the UNSC Sanctions Committee in advance and provides sufficient details
of those arms or related transfers to assess the risks, including information on the
end-user, proposed date of delivery and the itinerary of shipments and co-operates
fully with the GoE.
To the DRC authorities:
- Immediately cease all violations of international human rights and
humanitarian law; and, instruct security forces to comply with international law
and standards.
- Ensure all allegations of violations of international human rights and
humanitarian law, both past and present, are promptly, independently and
thoroughly investigated and, where there is sufficient admissible evidence, bring
suspected perpetrators to justice in proceedings that conform to international fair
trial standards without recourse to the death penalty, and ensure that victims
receive full and effective reparations.
- Establish adequate stockpile management and monitoring systems including
record keeping across the country, to ensure proper recording of all weapons,
munitions, armaments and related equipment to prevent issues of diversion and
theft, in accordance with the International Tracing Instrument adopted by the UN
General Assembly in 2005, the Best Practice Guidelines for the Implementation
of the Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms
and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, which the
DRC signed and ratified on 21 April 2004.
- Prioritize and implement comprehensive security sector reform in the DRC
consistent with obligations under international human rights law and IHL that
includes a vetting mechanism to remove individuals who may reasonably be
suspected of having committed crimes under international law or other human
rights violations, until allegations concerning that person can be independently
and impartially investigated.
To the Armed Opposition Groups:
- Immediately cease all human rights abuses and violations of international
humanitarian law.
- Make sure that those under their command understand that violations of
international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians or civilian objects, rape and sexual violence, will not be tolerated;
- Investigate allegations of violations of international humanitarian law and
remove from their ranks anyone suspected of violations.
Source: www.amnesty.org; full report
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